Pihlajalinna Valuation Multiples

HCA Healthcare is a Nashville-based healthcare provider organization operating the largest collection of acute-care hospitals in the United States. As of December 2025, the firm owned and operated 190 hospitals and over 2,500 outpatient facillities across 19 states and a small foothold in the United Kingdom.

Alcon is one of the leading visioncare companies in the world. Following nine years as a Novartis subsidiary, it was spun off as a public company in April 2019. Alcon operates in two segments: visioncare and surgical. Visioncare comprises contact lenses, lenscare solutions, and a suite of ocular health products. With brands like Dailies, Total1, and Air Optix, Alcon controls about one fourth of the US contact lens market. Surgical comprises intraocular lenses, ophthalmic surgical equipment, and consumables used during surgeries. Its main products include Centurion, a phacoemulsification device used during cataract surgeries, and a portfolio of IOLs including PanOptix and Vivity. Alcon has one of the largest installed bases of eye surgical equipment in the world.

Fresenius is a healthcare holding company based in Germany. The company owns a minority stake in dialysis service provider and equipment manufacturer Fresenius Medical Care. The Kabi segment manufactures intravenous drugs, nutrition products, infusion and transfusion therapies, and related pumps. The Helios segment operates private hospitals primarily in Germany and Spain.

Tenet Healthcare is a Dallas-based healthcare services organization. It operates acute and specialty hospitals (50 as of December 2025) and hundreds of ambulatory surgery centers and other outpatient facilities across the US, primarily in the South. Through its Conifer segment, Tenet also provides revenue cycle management solutions.

Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Services Group provides private health and ancillary services in the Kingdom and the region through the establishment, management, and operation of hospitals, medical complexes, day surgery centers, pharmaceutical facilities, and other ancillary areas, including home health care, specialized laboratories, technology and information systems, facility maintenance, tele-medicine, revenue cycle management, medical equipment maintenance, and real estate activity. The company reports in three segments: Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities, Pharmacies, and HMG Solutions and Others. The majority of revenue comes from the Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities segment.

Rede D'Or São Luiz is a Brazilian hospital and diagnostic-services group founded by physician Jorge Moll in Rio de Janeiro. The company operates general and specialty hospitals, oncology services, diagnostic laboratories and outpatient facilities for privately insured and self-paying patients. At BTG Pactual's 2010 investment announcement, the network comprised thirteen operating hospitals, more than 2,000 beds, three hospitals under construction and forty-six diagnostic units. It also managed two hospitals for third parties at that time. Rede D'Or expanded through new facilities and acquisitions across major Brazilian metropolitan areas. The company later became publicly listed in Brazil and continues to earn revenue primarily from hospital treatment, clinical procedures, diagnostics and related healthcare services.

IHH Healthcare Bhd operates a network of healthcare clinics, hospitals, and postoperative rehabilitation centers. It also provides ancillary services, which include diagnostic laboratories, imaging centers, ambulatory care, and medical education facilities. The group’s reportable segments include Hospital and healthcare, Labs, PLife REIT, and Others. A majority of its revenue is generated from the Hospital and healthcare segment, which represents income generated from the provision of healthcare services through its hospitals and healthcare clinics across Singapore, Malaysia, India, Greater China, Turkiye and Europe, and Southeast Asia. Geographically, the group derives maximum revenue from Turkiye and Europe.

Encompass Health Corp provides post-acute healthcare services in the United States through a network of inpatient rehabilitation hospitals. Inpatient rehabilitation contributes the majority of the firm's revenue and provides specialized rehabilitative treatment through a network of inpatient hospitals. These hospitals are concentrated in the eastern half of the United States and Texas.

DaVita is the largest provider of dialysis services in the United States, boasting market share of about 35% when measured by clinics. The firm operates over 3,000 facilities worldwide, mostly in the US, and treats about 280,000 patients globally each year. Government payers dominate US dialysis reimbursement. DaVita receives about two thirds of US sales at government (primarily Medicare) reimbursement rates, with the remainder coming from commercial insurers. While commercial insurers represent only about 10% of US patients treated, they represent nearly all of the profits generated by DaVita in the US dialysis business.

Apollo Hospitals Enterprise Ltd operates a network of private hospitals in India through primary, secondary, and tertiary care facilities. The firm's tertiary care hospitals provide complex care in a variety of specialties that include cardiology, oncology, neuroscience, orthopedics, radiology, and gastroenterology. Apollo Hospitals also operates primary care and diagnostics clinics as well as telemedicine units and offers consulting, health insurance, education and training, and research services. Its reportable operating segments are; Healthcare Services (represents hospitals and hospitals services); Retail Health and Diagnostics (includes clinics and diagnostics); Digital Health and Pharmacy Distribution; and Others. Maximum revenue is generated from its Healthcare Services segment.

Universal Health Services Inc owns and operates acute care hospitals, behavioral health centers, surgical hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers, and radiation oncology centers. The firm operates in two segments: Acute Care Hospital Services and Behavioral Health Care Services. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Acute Care Hospital Services segment.

Aier Eye Hospital Group Co Ltd provides international ophthalmic technology and management services in China. The company offers services in myopia surgery, cataract surgery, pediatric eye plastic surgery, myopia prevention, and control to patients. The group also enables high-standard medical care.

Odontoprev SA is engaged in providing private dental care plans. The firm operates in three segments which include Corporate, Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises, Individual, and other.

Bangkok Dusit Medical Services PCL operates a network of hospitals throughout Thailand under the Bangkok Hospital, Phyathai Hospital, Samitivej Hospital, Paolo Hospital, BNH Hospital, and Royal International Hospital brands. The company has two business segments namely, hospital operations and other businesses that support hospital business such as medical laboratories, production and distribution of pharmaceutical products/medical equipment/saline, pharmacies, assets management for healthcare business, accounting services, technology and information services, training business and insurance broker. The company's hospital operations generate the vast majority of its revenue.

PT Sejahteraraya Anugrahjaya Tbk operates hospitals and offers health care services. It operates and offers medical centers, which include neuroscience, Uro-nephrology, obstetrics and gynecology, cardiovascular, orthopedic, pediatric, oncology, immunology, pulmonology, and internal medicine. The company's business segments are Inpatient, and outpatients for patients, of which prime revenue is derived from the Inpatient segment. Group is divided into four geographical areas: namely DKI Jakarta, Banten, West Java, and East Java.

Manipal Health Enterprises Ltd is engaged in the business of running/managing hospitals and providing healthcare services. The company operates through various Hospitals/clinics providing Healthcare services and diagnostic centres in India. It offers clinical services across several specialties, with a focus on tertiary and quaternary care, particularly in cardiac sciences, oncology, neurosciences, gastro sciences, orthopedics, and renal sciences. It has a single business segment, namely engaged in the business of healthcare services. The company generates revenue by providing inpatient care at its hospitals.

Ramsay Health Care is one of the largest private healthcare providers in the world, with roughly 600 facilities across 10 countries. The key markets in which it operates are Australia, France, the UK, and Sweden. It is the largest private hospital group in each of these markets except for the UK. Ramsay Sante, which operates the European regions other than the UK, is a 53%-owned subsidiary of Ramsay Health Care. The company typically earns about 60% of consolidated earnings in Australia and 30% in France. Ramsay Health Care undertakes both private and publicly funded healthcare.

Max Healthcare Institute Ltd is a health care service provider. The company's facilities include third-party healthcare providers with whom the company has entered long-term service contracts for providing clinical, radiology, and pathology services. Its hospitals provide the full range of services through its Outpatient, Day Care, Emergency Room, and In-Patient departments to accommodate medical specialties such as orthopedics, internal medicine, general surgery, cardiac sciences, oncology, neurosciences, and obstetrics, as well as diagnostics. The group derives revenue from India.

PureHealth is an Abu Dhabi-listed healthcare group that operates hospitals, diagnostics, insurance, procurement and related health services. Its platform includes hospital networks, laboratory and screening operations, a health insurer and medical-supply businesses serving patients, employers and government programs. Revenue comes from clinical services, testing, insurance premiums, procurement and the sale or distribution of medical products. The group was assembled through several combinations of healthcare assets and later listed on the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange. ADQ first obtained a 27% interest by contributing Rafed and Union71 and cash, then increased its interest by contributing SEHA, Daman and The Life Corner. Those negotiated asset-for-equity transactions are separate from the later public offering and are treated as direct strategic investments.

PACS Group Inc is a post-acute healthcare company mainly focused on delivering high-quality skilled nursing care through a portfolio of independently operated facilities Its is a nursing providers in the United States based on number of facilities, with over 200 post-acute care facilities across nine states serving over 20,000 patients daily. It also provide senior care, assisted living, and independent living options in some of communities.

Aster DM Quality Care Ltd is an India-based integrated healthcare provider. The group is bringing together four healthcare brands - Aster DM, CARE Hospitals, Evercare, and KIMSHEALTH, creating a scaled and diversified healthcare platform. It has a presence across South and Central India; the merged entity will deliver comprehensive healthcare services spanning primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary care, supported by centres of excellence across key specialties including oncology, cardiac sciences, neurosciences, gastro sciences, orthopaedics, nephrology, organ transplantation, mother and child care, and critical care.

Sunway Healthcare Holdings Bhd is an investment holding company. Through its subsidiaries, it is principally involved in the (i) operation of medical centres; (ii) provision of a wide range of facilities and services for persons in need of senior living care and assistance; (iii) provision of ambulatory care services; and (iv) operation of TCM centres. The company operates two segments: Hospital services, which include medical centre operations and consultation services, and Others, which include investment holding, financial services, senior living care, TCM centres, nursing and ambulatory care, training, property leasing, and related activities. The majority of revenue is generated from the Hospital services segment. Geographically, the maximum revenue is generated from Malaysia.

Fortis Healthcare Ltd provides integrated healthcare delivery services in India. The company manages healthcare centers including hospitals, diagnostics, and day care specialty facilities. The company's key specialty in its hospital business is cardiac sciences. It is predominantly engaged in the business of healthcare services which is the only reportable segment. The company's key hospitals include Fortis Escorts Heart Institute in Dehli, Fortis Mulund in Mumbai, and Fortis Hospital in Bengaluru. The majority of the company's revenue is derived from India.

RadNet Inc is a national provider of diagnostic imaging services that operates in two business segments: Imaging Center segment and Digital Health segment. The Imaging Center segment provides physicians with imaging capabilities to facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders. Services include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), nuclear medicine, mammography, ultrasound, diagnostic radiology (X-ray), and fluoroscopy. The Digital Health segment develops and deploys clinical applications to enhance the interpretation of medical images and improve patient outcomes with an emphasis on brain, breast, prostate, and pulmonary diagnostics.

Concentra Group Holdings Parent Inc is a provider of occupational health services in the United States. The business is organized into three operating segments: occupational health centers, onsite health clinics, and other businesses.

LifeStance Health Group Inc is a mental healthcare company that operates as a provider of outpatient mental health services, spanning psychiatric evaluations and treatment, psychological and neuropsychological testing, and individual, family and group therapy. The group y has a single operating and reportable segment of mental health services.

Option Care Health Inc. is the nation's largest independent provider of home and alternate site infusion services, headquartered in Moline, Illinois. The company serves more than 308,000 patients annually through over 197 locations across the United States, providing infusion therapy for a broad spectrum of acute and chronic conditions including IV antibiotics, nutrition support, immunoglobulin therapy, neurological disorders, oncology therapies and bleeding disorders. Option Care Health works with pharmaceutical manufacturers, insurance providers and healthcare systems to deliver seamless clinical and administrative support, combining expert clinicians with customized patient care pathways. The company generated $5.649 billion in revenue in fiscal 2025 and employs over 4,500 clinicians providing high-quality, cost-effective infusion therapy solutions.

Bumrungrad Hospital PCL operates a private hospital business in Bangkok. It is a healthcare provider in Thailand providing complete healthcare services for both outpatients and inpatients. The company is the owner and operator of multiple healthcare-related entities. The company has only one main reportable operating segment, which is the hospital and health care center business, and the geographical area of its operations is Thailand.

Medicover AB is an international healthcare and diagnostic services, provider. It offers a broad spectrum of healthcare services via an extensive network of ambulatory clinics, hospitals, specialty-care facilities, and laboratories. The company offers its services through two segments; Diagnostic Services offer a broad range of laboratory testing in all clinical pathology areas in Germany, Romania, Poland, and Ukraine; and Healthcare Services offer high-quality care based on an Integrated Healthcare Model and Fee-For-Service in Poland, India, and Romania. It generates maximum revenue from the Healthcare Services segment. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from Poland and also has a presence in Romania; Germany; Ukraine; India, and Other Countries.

Narayana Hrudayalaya Ltd is an India-based medical and healthcare service provider. The company is engaged in the business of running and operating hospitals, clinics, health centers, nursing homes, and other related activities. The Company’s sole operating segment is Medical and Healthcare Related Services. It also provides surgery services such as Cardiac Surgery, nephrology, urology, neurology, neurosurgery, endocrinology, orthopaedics, internal medicine, obstetrics, gynaecology, paediatrics, neonatology, gastroenterology, and oncology. It has business operations in India and the Rest of the world, of which the maximum revenue is generated from the business operations in India.

Global Health Ltd operates as a private multi-specialty tertiary care provider operating in the North and East regions of India, with key specialties of cardiology and cardiac science, neurosciences, oncology, digestive and hepatobiliary sciences, orthopedics, liver transplant, and kidney and urology. Under the Medanta brand, it has a network of hospitals in operation (Gurugram, Indore, Ranchi, and Lucknow), a hospital that is under construction with an operational outpatient facility (Patna), and a hospital (Noida) planned for development. The Group operates Healthcare services as a single business segment in India, constituting a single geographical segment.

Mouwasat Medical Services Co is engaged in the acquisition, management, operation, and maintenance of hospitals, medical centers, drug stores, pharmacies, and wholesale of medical equipment and drugs. The company also operates skin care centers that offer clinical and cosmetic dermatology, aesthetic and reconstructive plastic surgery, weight reduction, and esthetician services. It operates in two segments Medical Services segment and Pharmaceuticals out of which the Medical Services segment derives the majority of revenue.

Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Ltd is a healthcare group in Secunderabad and Telangana. It offers a comprehensive range of healthcare services, including oncology, cardiac sciences, neurosciences, gastric sciences, orthopedics, renal sciences, organ transplantation, mother and child care, and many more. The firm generates key revenue from Hospital services and Pharmacy.

Inventurus Knowledge Solutions Ltd is a technology enabled healthcare solutions provider, serving the U.S healthcare market. The group offer a comprehensive care enablement platform that supports healthcare enterprises across outpatient and inpatient care settings. It is operates in in Care Enablement, empowering healthcare organizations to deliver high-quality care efficiently and sustainably through an integrated platform that combines technology and deep human expertise. The Company operates in one reportable segment which is Healthcare. Its solutions are Revenue Cycle Management, Clinical Support, and Value-Based Care.

Acadia Healthcare Co Inc acquires and develops behavioral healthcare facilities. Acute inpatient psychiatric facilities and specialty treatment facilities contribute the vast majority of Acadia's revenue in the United States. The company's revenue is derived from services rendered to patients for inpatient psychiatric and substance abuse care, outpatient psychiatric care, and adolescent residential treatment.

Meinian Onehealth Healthcare Holdings Co Ltd is engaged in the provision of physical examination and medical services. The firm provides health consultation, and health assessment services among others.

KPJ Healthcare Bhd is a healthcare services firm in the Asia-Pacific region. KPJ operates in the Malaysian private healthcare industry and generates almost all its revenue in Malaysia. Its main healthcare business includes hospital operations, new hospital developments, clinical operations, ambulatory care, ancillary services, diagnostic services, and senior and assisted living care. KPJ also renders healthcare solutions and treatments in Indonesia, Thailand, Bangladesh, and Australia.

Asker Healthcare Group AB is a provider of medical products and solutions that drive progress in the European healthcare sector. The company is engaged in building and acquiring companies to support the healthcare system to improve patient outcomes, reduce the total cost of care, and ensure a fair and sustainable value chain. The company also offers a range of value-added solutions to support its suppliers and customers in, for example, market access, efficiency, and sustainability.

Guardian Pharmacy Services Inc is a differentiated pharmacy services company that provides an extensive suite of technology-enabled services designed to help residents of LTCFs adhere to their appropriate drug regimen, which in turn helps reduce the cost of care and improve clinical outcomes. The company emphasizes high-touch, individualized clinical, drug dispensing, and administration capabilities that are tailored to serve the needs of residents in historically lower acuity LTCFs, such as ALFs and BHFs. The operating segment derives its revenues through sales of pharmaceutical and medical products, and all revenues are derived solely in the United States.

Dallah Healthcare Co provides and operates healthcare programs and utilities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The objectives of the company include operating, managing and maintaining the healthcare entities, wholesale medicines and retail of medical and surgical equipment, prosthetics and devices for the disabled, hospital equipment and manufacturing medicines, pharmaceuticals, herbals, health, cosmetics, detergents, disinfectants and the packaging in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The reportable segments of the company are Medical Services/Medicine and Pharmaceutical products. The majority of the company's revenue is earned from the Medical service segment.

Pediatrix Medical Group Inc provides physician services to hospitals, intensive care units, and other medical units. The services provided by the company include maternal care for expectant mothers, intensive care for premature babies, cardiology care for infants suffering from heart defects, and anesthesia care during surgeries, among others. The company operates only under one segment which provides physician services including newborn, maternal-fetal, and other pediatric subspecialty care. It generates majority of the revenue through neonatology and other pediatric subspecialties.

Topchoice Medical Corp is engaged in providing medical services. The company operates as an integrated medical platform with several oral, health, and reproductive medical institutions.

Draegerwerk AG & Co KGaA develops medical and safety equipment for clinical and industrial applications. The firm operates in two segments: medical and safety. The medical division contributes the majority of revenue, it develops and produces system solutions, equipment, and services for the acute point of care, it has five business units Therapy, Hospital Consumables & Accessories, Workplace Infrastructure, Monitoring, and Data Business. Its safety division develops and produces devices, system solutions, and services for personal protection, gas detection, and integrated hazard management. Its geographical segments are Europe; Germany; the Americas; Africa, Asia, and Australia.

Dr Soliman Abdul Kader Fakeeh Hospital Co is a company whose principal activities include managing, establishing, and operating hospitals, clinics, medical, educational, and training centers. In addition to the above, the company is also managing and operating medical services, analysis and radiology laboratory, and managing and establishing pharmacies, wholesale and retail of medical equipment, maintenance of IT equipment, and software-related services. The group has three reportable segments, including medical services, which generates maximum revenue, education, trading, retail, and others. Geographically, it principally operates in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Surgery Partners Inc is a healthcare services company with an integrated outpatient delivery model focused on providing quality, cost-effective solutions for surgical and related ancillary care in support of both patients and physicians. It has one reportable segment: Surgical Facilities which includes the operation of ASCs, surgical hospitals, anesthesia services, and multi-specialty physician practices, which earns revenues from contracts with patients in which the performance obligations are to provide health care services.

Astrana Health Inc is a patient-centered, physician-centric integrated population health management company. The company is working to provide coordinated, outcomes-based medical care cost-effectively. It is focused on physicians providing high-quality medical care, population health management, and care coordination for patients, particularly senior patients and patients with multiple chronic conditions. The company’s three reportable segments are Care Partners, Care Delivery, and Care Enablement. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Care Partners segment.

Huaxia Eye Hospital Group Co Ltd is a ophthalmic medical chain group in China. It offers ophthalmology specialist medical services.

Ardent Health Inc is a provider of healthcare in growing mid-sized urban communities across the U.S. With a focus on people and investments in services and technologies, Ardent is passionate about making healthcare easier to access.