Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Valuation Multiples

CVS Health offers a diverse set of healthcare services. Its roots are in its retail pharmacy operations, where it operates over 9,000 stores primarily in the US. CVS is also a large pharmacy benefit manager (acquired through Caremark), processing about 2 billion adjusted claims annually. It operates a top-tier health insurer (acquired through Aetna) through which it serves about 27 million medical members. The acquisition of Oak Street Health added primary care services to the mix, which could have significant synergies with all existing business lines.

HCA Healthcare is a Nashville-based healthcare provider organization operating the largest collection of acute-care hospitals in the United States. As of December 2025, the firm owned and operated 190 hospitals and over 2,500 outpatient facillities across 19 states and a small foothold in the United Kingdom.

Alcon is one of the leading visioncare companies in the world. Following nine years as a Novartis subsidiary, it was spun off as a public company in April 2019. Alcon operates in two segments: visioncare and surgical. Visioncare comprises contact lenses, lenscare solutions, and a suite of ocular health products. With brands like Dailies, Total1, and Air Optix, Alcon controls about one fourth of the US contact lens market. Surgical comprises intraocular lenses, ophthalmic surgical equipment, and consumables used during surgeries. Its main products include Centurion, a phacoemulsification device used during cataract surgeries, and a portfolio of IOLs including PanOptix and Vivity. Alcon has one of the largest installed bases of eye surgical equipment in the world.

Sigma Healthcare is Australia’s largest retail pharmacy franchisor, most notably owning the Chemist Warehouse brand, which it merged with in 2025. Sigma is also Australia’s largest full-line wholesaler to franchised and independent pharmacies and distributes a broad range of pharmacy products, including prescription medicines, over-the-counter products, and front of store, or FOS, products, at low prices. The group also operates in New Zealand, Ireland, China, and Dubai, has a growing private label range, and offers third-party logistics services.

Fresenius SE is a healthcare holding company based in Germany. The company owns a minority stake in dialysis service provider and equipment manufacturer Fresenius Medical Care. The Kabi segment manufactures intravenous drugs, nutrition products, infusion and transfusion therapies, and related pumps. The Helios segment operates private hospitals primarily in Germany and Spain.

IHH Healthcare Bhd operates a network of healthcare clinics, hospitals, and postoperative rehabilitation centers. It also provides ancillary services, which include diagnostic laboratories, imaging centers, ambulatory care, and medical education facilities. The group’s reportable segments include Hospital and healthcare, Labs, PLife REIT, and Others. A majority of its revenue is generated from the Hospital and healthcare segment, which represents income generated from the provision of healthcare services through its hospitals and healthcare clinics across Singapore, Malaysia, India, Greater China, Turkiye and Europe, and Southeast Asia. Geographically, the group derives maximum revenue from Turkiye and Europe.

JD Health is the largest healthcare e-commerce platform in China in terms of revenue. The company offers pharmaceutical drugs and healthcare products on its platform, both as a marketplace that connects merchants to consumers and as a first-party, or 1P, direct retailer. It also offers online consultation from real life doctors and separately partners with offline pharmacies that can provide location-based 24/7 delivery as part of an omnichannel initiative to complement its core e-commerce business. Its closest competitors are Alibaba Health and Meituan for its e-commerce business. As of Dec. 31, 2024, the platform has over 200 million active annual users and over 70,000 merchants. JD Health is 67.49% owned by its parent company, JD.com.

Rede d or Sao Luiz SA is a provider of integrated healthcare services. The company offers medical and hospital care services in the areas of women's healthcare, oncology, dermatology, gastroenterology, neurology, psychology, urology, reproductive medicine, and others. The company operates in segments namely, Hospital, Health, and people. The hospital service segment includes the execution of activities in its own hospitals, managed hospitals, oncology clinics, and others; Health segment includes health insurance, health plans, and dental plans; and People segment is made up of life and pension insurance.

Tenet Healthcare is a Dallas-based healthcare services organization. It operates acute and specialty hospitals (50 as of December 2025) and hundreds of ambulatory surgery centers and other outpatient facilities across the US, primarily in the South. Through its Conifer segment, Tenet also provides revenue cycle management solutions.

Aier Eye Hospital Group Co Ltd provides international ophthalmic technology and management services in China. The company offers services in myopia surgery, cataract surgery, pediatric eye plastic surgery, myopia prevention, and control to patients. The group also enables high-standard medical care.

Apollo Hospitals Enterprise Ltd operates a network of private hospitals in India through primary, secondary, and tertiary care facilities. The firm's tertiary care hospitals provide complex care in a variety of specialties that include cardiology, oncology, neuroscience, orthopedics, radiology, and gastroenterology. Apollo Hospitals also operates primary care and diagnostics clinics as well as telemedicine units and offers consulting, health insurance, education and training, and research services. Its reportable operating segments are; Healthcare Services (represents hospitals and hospitals services); Retail Health and Diagnostics (includes clinics and diagnostics); Digital Health and Pharmacy Distribution; and Others. Maximum revenue is generated from its Healthcare Services segment.

DaVita is the largest provider of dialysis services in the United States, boasting market share of about 35% when measured by clinics. The firm operates over 3,000 facilities worldwide, mostly in the US, and treats about 280,000 patients globally each year. Government payers dominate US dialysis reimbursement. DaVita receives about two thirds of US sales at government (primarily Medicare) reimbursement rates, with the remainder coming from commercial insurers. While commercial insurers represent only about 10% of US patients treated, they represent nearly all of the profits generated by DaVita in the US dialysis business.

BrightSpring Health Services Inc is a home and community-based healthcare services platform, focused on delivering complementary pharmacy and provider services to complex patients. Its platform delivers clinical services and pharmacy solutions across Medicare, Medicaid, and commercially insured populations. Its segments include Pharmacy Solutions, Provider Services, and others. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Pharmacy Solutions segment.

Encompass Health Corp provides post-acute healthcare services in the United States through a network of inpatient rehabilitation hospitals. Inpatient rehabilitation contributes the majority of the firm's revenue and provides specialized rehabilitative treatment through a network of inpatient hospitals. These hospitals are concentrated in the eastern half of the United States and Texas.

Max Healthcare Institute Ltd is a health care service provider. The company's facilities include third-party healthcare providers with whom the company has entered long-term service contracts for providing clinical, radiology, and pathology services. Its hospitals provide the full range of services through its Outpatient, Day Care, Emergency Room, and In-Patient departments to accommodate medical specialties such as orthopedics, internal medicine, general surgery, cardiac sciences, oncology, neurosciences, and obstetrics, as well as diagnostics. The group derives revenue from India.

PT Sejahteraraya Anugrahjaya Tbk operates hospitals and offers health care services. It operates and offers medical centers, which include neuroscience, Uro-nephrology, obstetrics and gynecology, cardiovascular, orthopedic, pediatric, oncology, immunology, pulmonology, and internal medicine. The company's business segments are Inpatient, and outpatients for patients, of which prime revenue is derived from the Inpatient segment. Group is divided into four geographical areas: namely DKI Jakarta, Banten, West Java, and East Java.

Bangkok Dusit Medical Services PCL operates a network of hospitals throughout Thailand under the Bangkok Hospital, Phyathai Hospital, Samitivej Hospital, Paolo Hospital, BNH Hospital, and Royal International Hospital brands. The company has two business segments namely, hospital operations and other businesses that support hospital business such as medical laboratories, production and distribution of pharmaceutical products/medical equipment/saline, pharmacies, assets management for healthcare business, accounting services, technology and information services, training business and insurance broker. The company's hospital operations generate the vast majority of its revenue.

Universal Health Services Inc owns and operates acute care hospitals, behavioral health centers, surgical hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers, and radiation oncology centers. The firm operates in two segments: Acute Care Hospital Services and Behavioral Health Care Services. The company generates the majority of its revenue from the Acute Care Hospital Services segment.

Alibaba Health is of one of China's leading e-commerce platform specializing in healthcare-related products, including prescription drugs, OTC drugs, traditional Chinese medicine, health foods, and so on. The company operates both a third-party B2C service, or 3P, and its own direct-to-consumer business, or 1P, with its own inventory, which can both be accessed by Alibaba’s Tmall app and Alipay. The company also provides online consultation services in a separate app called Yilu or “Dr. Deer,” although its e-commerce businesses remain its core competency in the long-term. E-commerce accounted for 93% of revenue in fiscal year 2022. We estimate that AliHealth holds about 45% of market share in the industry in terms of GMV. AliHealth is 63.74% owned by its parent company, Alibaba Group.

Fortis Healthcare Ltd provides integrated healthcare delivery services in India. The company manages healthcare centers including hospitals, diagnostics, and day care specialty facilities. The company's key specialty in its hospital business is cardiac sciences. It is predominantly engaged in the business of healthcare services which is the only reportable segment. The company's key hospitals include Fortis Escorts Heart Institute in Dehli, Fortis Mulund in Mumbai, and Fortis Hospital in Bengaluru. The majority of the company's revenue is derived from India.

Pure Health Holding PJSC is an integrated healthcare company in the United Arab Emirates with a cross-category ecosystem covering hospitals, clinics, diagnostics, insurance, pharmacies, research, health tech, and procurement along with an international footprint in the United States and the United Kingdom. The company's reportable segments are Hospital and Related Services, Health Insurance Services, Procurement and Supply, Diagnostic Services and Technology Services and Others. Key revenue is derived from its Hospitalisation and other related services segment through which it provides general healthcare operations including hospitalization, clinical, isolation/quarantine, vaccinations, and other services.

Raia Drogasil SA is a large retail drug store operator in Brazil. The company is engaged in the retail sale of medicines, perfumery, personal care and beauty products, cosmetics and dermocosmetics and specialty medicines. Its brands include Impulso, Amplimed, HealthBit, Stix, 4Bio, Drogasil, Raia and others.

Ramsay Health Care is one of the largest private healthcare providers in the world, with roughly 600 facilities across 10 countries. The key markets in which it operates are Australia, France, the UK, and Sweden. It is the largest private hospital group in each of these markets except for the UK. Ramsay Sante, which operates the European regions other than the UK, is a 53%-owned subsidiary of Ramsay Health Care. The company typically earns about 60% of consolidated earnings in Australia and 30% in France. Ramsay Health Care undertakes both private and publicly funded healthcare.

MatsukiyoCocokara & Co operates retail drugstores and insurance dispensing pharmacies in Japan. The company's main segments are the Matsumotokiyoshi Group Business, focused on stores under the Matsumotokiyoshi brand; the Cocokara Fine Group Business, centered on Cocokara Fine stores; and the Management Support Business, which procures products, oversees group operations, and manages indirect functions such as advertising and promotion. It generates the majority of its revenue from the Matsumotokiyoshi Group Business segment.

PACS Group Inc is a post-acute healthcare company mainly focused on delivering high-quality skilled nursing care through a portfolio of independently operated facilities Its is a nursing providers in the United States based on number of facilities, with over 200 post-acute care facilities across nine states serving over 20,000 patients daily. It also provide senior care, assisted living, and independent living options in some of communities.

Tsuruha Holdings Inc manages pharmaceutical companies in Japan, where the drugstore business is the core of their operations. The company generates revenue through selling prescription and over-the-counter drugs, medical supplies, nursing care products, discount cosmetics, health products, and a miscellaneous assortment of general merchandise. It also provides blood testing services, disease prevention solutions, and at-home drug delivery services.

Sunway Healthcare Holdings Bhd is an investment holding company. Through its subsidiaries, it is principally involved in the (i) operation of medical centres; (ii) provision of a wide range of facilities and services for persons in need of senior living care and assistance; (iii) provision of ambulatory care services; and (iv) operation of TCM centres. The company operates two segments: Hospital services, which include medical centre operations and consultation services, and Others, which include investment holding, financial services, senior living care, TCM centres, nursing and ambulatory care, training, property leasing, and related activities. The majority of revenue is generated from the Hospital services segment. Geographically, the maximum revenue is generated from Malaysia.

Bumrungrad Hospital PCL operates a private hospital business in Bangkok. It is a healthcare provider in Thailand providing complete healthcare services for both outpatients and inpatients. The company is the owner and operator of multiple healthcare-related entities. The company has only one main reportable operating segment, which is the hospital and health care center business, and the geographical area of its operations is Thailand.

RadNet Inc is a national provider of diagnostic imaging services that operates in two business segments: Imaging Center segment and Digital Health segment. The Imaging Center segment provides physicians with imaging capabilities to facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders. Services include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), nuclear medicine, mammography, ultrasound, diagnostic radiology (X-ray), and fluoroscopy. The Digital Health segment develops and deploys clinical applications to enhance the interpretation of medical images and improve patient outcomes with an emphasis on brain, breast, prostate, and pulmonary diagnostics.

Narayana Hrudayalaya Ltd is an India-based medical and healthcare service provider. The company is engaged in the business of running and operating hospitals, clinics, health centers, nursing homes, and other related activities. The Company’s sole operating segment is Medical and Healthcare Related Services. It also provides surgery services such as Cardiac Surgery, nephrology, urology, neurology, neurosurgery, endocrinology, orthopaedics, internal medicine, obstetrics, gynaecology, paediatrics, neonatology, gastroenterology, and oncology. It has business operations in India and the Rest of the world, of which the maximum revenue is generated from the business operations in India.

Aster DM Healthcare Ltd is an India-based integrated healthcare provider. The group operates a comprehensive healthcare network comprising approximately 19 hospitals, 10 clinics, over 200 pharmacies, and more than 255 diagnostic laboratories across states. Its business segments include Hospitals, Clinics, Retail Pharmacies, and Others, with the majority of revenue derived from the Hospitals segment. Aster has been delivering high-quality care from primary to quaternary through dedicated personnel across clinical and non-clinical roles. Aster has a presence in metropolitan as well as Tier II and Tier III cities, and is committed to providing advanced and accessible healthcare in line with global standards, guided by a patient-first approach.

China Resources Pharmaceutical is the third-largest medical distributor in China by revenue. It is an integrated pharmaceutical company specializing in research and development, manufacturing, medical distribution, and retail pharmacies. As of 2024, the medical distribution business accounts for 82.8% of its total revenue. CR Pharma’s manufacturing business, 18.0% of total revenue, has subsidiaries with a strong presence in traditional Chinese medicine and consumer healthcare.

Yifeng Pharmacy Chain Co Ltd is mainly engaged in the chain retail business of medicines, health products, medical devices, and health-related daily convenience products. Its operating segments include the Retail segment and the Wholesale segment.

Jointown Pharmaceutical Group Co Ltd is engaged in the business of wholesaling drugs and medical devices. The company offers logistics and other value-added services and mainly serves medical institutions, wholesale enterprises, and retail pharmacies.

KPJ Healthcare Bhd is a healthcare services firm in the Asia-Pacific region. KPJ operates in the Malaysian private healthcare industry and generates almost all its revenue in Malaysia. Its main healthcare business includes hospital operations, new hospital developments, clinical operations, ambulatory care, ancillary services, diagnostic services, and senior and assisted living care. KPJ also renders healthcare solutions and treatments in Indonesia, Thailand, Bangladesh, and Australia.

Mouwasat Medical Services Co is engaged in the acquisition, management, operation, and maintenance of hospitals, medical centers, drug stores, pharmacies, and wholesale of medical equipment and drugs. The company also operates skin care centers that offer clinical and cosmetic dermatology, aesthetic and reconstructive plastic surgery, weight reduction, and esthetician services. It operates in two segments Medical Services segment and Pharmaceuticals out of which the Medical Services segment derives the majority of revenue.

Asker Healthcare Group AB is a provider of medical products and solutions that drive progress in the European healthcare sector. The company is engaged in building and acquiring companies to support the healthcare system to improve patient outcomes, reduce the total cost of care, and ensure a fair and sustainable value chain. The company also offers a range of value-added solutions to support its suppliers and customers in, for example, market access, efficiency, and sustainability.

Medicover AB is an international healthcare and diagnostic services, provider. It offers a broad spectrum of healthcare services via an extensive network of ambulatory clinics, hospitals, specialty-care facilities, and laboratories. The company offers its services through two segments; Diagnostic Services offer a broad range of laboratory testing in all clinical pathology areas in Germany, Romania, Poland, and Ukraine; and Healthcare Services offer high-quality care based on an Integrated Healthcare Model and Fee-For-Service in Poland, India, and Romania. It generates maximum revenue from the Healthcare Services segment. Geographically, it derives a majority of its revenue from Poland and also has a presence in Romania; Germany; Ukraine; India, and Other Countries.

Clicks Group Ltd operates prominently in health, beauty, and wellness retail across southern Africa. The company predominantly operates a retail pharmacy chain in South Africa, with a limited number of operations in bordering countries. The company has a portfolio of retail franchise brands including The Body Shop, M-Kem, and Sorbet among others. The company's business segments include Retail and Distribution. The company generates revenue from in-store and online sales of health, beauty, and wellness items, plus wholesale pharmaceutical distribution. Geographically, the maximum revenue is generated from South Africa.

Nahdi Medical Co is engaged in the wholesale and retail trading of cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, special and healthy foods, and medical equipment. It has two operating segments Front Shop and Pharma.

Global Health Ltd operates as a private multi-specialty tertiary care provider operating in the North and East regions of India, with key specialties of cardiology and cardiac science, neurosciences, oncology, digestive and hepatobiliary sciences, orthopedics, liver transplant, and kidney and urology. Under the Medanta brand, it has a network of hospitals in operation (Gurugram, Indore, Ranchi, and Lucknow), a hospital that is under construction with an operational outpatient facility (Patna), and a hospital (Noida) planned for development. The Group operates Healthcare services as a single business segment in India, constituting a single geographical segment.

Meinian Onehealth Healthcare Holdings Co Ltd is engaged in the provision of physical examination and medical services. The firm provides health consultation, and health assessment services among others.

Concentra Group Holdings Parent Inc is a provider of occupational health services in the United States. The business is organized into three operating segments: occupational health centers, onsite health clinics, and other businesses.

Option Care Health Inc is the provider of home and alternate-site infusion services. It provides treatment for bleeding disorders, neurological disorders, heart failure, anti-infectives, and chronic inflammatory disorders, among others. The Company operates in one segment, infusion services.

Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Ltd is a healthcare group in Secunderabad and Telangana. It offers a comprehensive range of healthcare services, including oncology, cardiac sciences, neurosciences, gastric sciences, orthopedics, renal sciences, organ transplantation, mother and child care, and many more. The firm generates key revenue from Hospital services and Pharmacy.

Sugi Holdings Co Ltd is a Japan-based company engaged in drugstore operations and the pharmaceutical dispensing business. Through its subsidiaries, the company is involved in selling pharmaceuticals, health foods, cosmetics, daily essentials, and prescription drugs. It also operates community-based drugstores that support home healthcare in collaboration with local medical professionals. The company also supports regional healthcare facilities and provides at-home nursing services.

LifeStance Health Group Inc is a mental healthcare company that operates as a provider of outpatient mental health services, spanning psychiatric evaluations and treatment, psychological and neuropsychological testing, and individual, family and group therapy. The group y has a single operating and reportable segment of mental health services.

COSMOS Pharmaceutical Corp manages retail drugstores in Japan. The company emphasizes convenience regarding its product selection, which includes medical products, health and beauty aids, personal-care items, discount cosmetics, household items, food and beverages, greeting cards, seasonal merchandise, alcoholic beverages, tobacco, insect repellent, and miscellaneous everyday consumables. The majority of the company’s revenue is derived from common grocery sales. It also operates a private grocery brand called ON 365.