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Cruise Acquisition, Valuation, Funding & Investors
Cruise was acquired by General Motors in February 2025.
Cumulative funding Cruise raised
$8.9B
across 10 funding rounds
Key investors in Cruise
General Motors
Honda Motor
SoftBank Group
Felicis
Daniel Curran
Y Combinator
Spark Capital
Initialized Capital
About Cruise
Cruise develops autonomous vehicles for urban ride-hailing services in San Francisco and other US cities. The San Francisco-headquartered company, majority-owned by General Motors, operates a fleet of modified Chevrolet Bolts equipped with custom LIDAR and radar sensors. Cruise conducts over 1,000 driverless miles daily, partnering with Uber for integration. Its vehicles navigate complex scenarios using machine learning trained on billions of real-world miles.
Founded
2013
HQ
Website
Status
Acquired
Customer focus
B2C
Revenue model
Product sales
Valuation
$30B (Apr 2021)
Cruise Acquisition
Cruise was acquired by General Motors for an undisclosed price on 4 February 2025.
Before the acquisition Cruise had raised $8.9B across 10 funding rounds.
General Motors announced on 4 February 2025 that it had completed the acquisition of the shares of GM Cruise Holdings it did not already own, making the San Francisco autonomous vehicle developer a wholly owned subsidiary after approval of GM's merger offer by the Cruise board. GM had said on 10 December 2024 that it would stop funding Cruise's robotaxi development and that agreements with other shareholders would lift its stake from about 90% to more than 97%. It then pursued the remaining shares from investors including Honda, Microsoft and employees. No purchase price was disclosed, and Microsoft separately recorded an $800 million impairment on its Cruise stake. Cruise, founded in 2013 and bought by GM in 2016, had raised more than $10 billion from GM, SoftBank Vision Fund, Honda, Microsoft, Walmart and T. Rowe Price at valuations of up to $30 billion. It suspended its driverless service after an October 2023 pedestrian collision in San Francisco. Following the buy-in GM folded Cruise's technology and engineering teams into its Super Cruise driver-assistance programme and the development of personal autonomous vehicles, and said the restructuring would cut spending by more than $1 billion a year.
| Acquirer | Date | Type |
|---|---|---|
| 4 Feb 2025 | Strategic M&A |
Sources: investor.gm.com, cnbc.com, motor.com
Cruise Valuation
Cruise is currently valued at $30B, based on its strategic investment round in April 2021. Read the announcement ↗
The $750M round was led by Walmart.
Cruise's valuation has grown 333x from $90M at its Series A in September 2015 to $30B in April 2021, across 6 priced rounds.
Cruise valuation by funding round
| Date | Stage | Valuation |
|---|---|---|
| Apr 2021 | Strategic investment | $30B |
| Jan 2021 | Strategic investment | $30B |
| May 2019 | Strategic investment | $19B |
| Oct 2018 | Strategic investment | $15B |
| May 2018 | Strategic investment | $12B |
| Sep 2015 | Series A | $90M |
Cruise Funding History
Cruise has raised a total of $8.9B across 10 funding rounds, plus 1 secondary share sale.
Cruise's first fundraising round was a $4M seed round in March 2014. The most recent completed round was a $850M strategic investment round in June 2024.
Cruise funding rounds
| Date | Stage | Investors | Raised | Valuation | Deal Summary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jun 2024 | Strategic investment | General Motors (lead) | $850M | - | Cruise, GM's autonomous vehicle subsidiary focused on robotaxi services, received $850 million from General Motors in June 2024 to bridge funding during a strategic review amid safety issues and operational pauses. This corporate round followed prior investments, with total funding exceeding $15-17 billion. GM has invested heavily, reporting losses of $1.7 billion in 2024 on Cruise. The funding supported resumed testing in cities like Phoenix, Dallas, and Houston after grounding the fleet in late 2023 due to incidents. However, by December 2024, GM announced it would cease funding Cruise's robotaxi efforts, integrating teams for broader autonomous driving tech and expecting to cut spending by over $1 billion annually from 2025. GM owns ~90-97% of Cruise and plans to acquire remaining shares. |
| Mar 2022 | Strategic investment | General Motors (lead) | $1.4B | - | Cruise is an autonomous vehicle technology developer and GM subsidiary focused on self-driving vehicles. In March 2022, General Motors acquired SoftBank Vision Fund's equity stake in Cruise for $2.1 billion and made an additional $1.35 billion investment. Earlier, Cruise raised $1.15 billion in May 2019 at a $19 billion post-money valuation led by T. Rowe Price with participation from GM and others. Cruise continued operations with testing permits and disengagement metrics reported for 2022, prior to GM ceasing funding in December 2024. |
| Mar 2022 | Secondary | General Motors (lead) | $2.1B | - | General Motors announced on 18 March 2022 that it had bought SoftBank Vision Fund 1's entire equity stake in Cruise for $2.1 billion, ending SoftBank's involvement four years after it had committed $2.25 billion to the autonomous-vehicle unit at an $11.5 billion valuation. The purchase lifted GM's ownership of Cruise to about 80%, with Honda, Microsoft, Walmart and T. Rowe Price among the remaining minority holders. Alongside the secondary purchase GM committed a further $1.35 billion of primary capital to Cruise, replacing the tranche SoftBank had been due to invest once Cruise began commercial driverless operations, and GM said it intended to give Cruise employees liquidity through a recurring share-sale programme. Cruise, headquartered in San Francisco, had received a California permit to carry passengers in driverless vehicles the previous month and was preparing to launch paid robotaxi rides. The exit was reported as roughly break-even for SoftBank after its $900 million initial investment. |
| Apr 2021 | Strategic investment | Walmart (lead) | $750M | $30B | Cruise is an autonomous vehicle company focused on deploying self-driving robotaxis, backed by parent company General Motors and other strategic investors. In April 2021, Cruise closed an extended funding round reaching $2.75 billion in total capital, with Walmart joining as a new investor alongside previous backers Microsoft, Honda, Softbank Vision Fund, and T. Rowe Price. The round valued Cruise at more than $30 billion post-money. Walmart's investment was motivated by an existing partnership with Cruise on autonomous last-mile delivery pilots in Arizona, with CEO John Furner emphasizing the retailer's commitment to developing a fast, low-cost, scalable delivery ecosystem using self-driving vehicles. The company was expanding internationally, with plans to test vehicles in Japan through its partnership with Honda. |
| Jan 2021 | Strategic investment | General Motors (lead); Microsoft (lead); Honda Motor | $2B | $30B | Cruise, a San Francisco-based autonomous vehicle company and subsidiary of General Motors, raised over $2 billion in equity funding on January 19, 2021, from General Motors, Honda, Microsoft, and institutional investors. The round brought Cruise's post-money valuation to $30 billion, with GM remaining the majority stakeholder. The investment supported Cruise's efforts to commercialize self-driving, all-electric shared vehicles, partnering with Microsoft to leverage Azure cloud computing for scaling autonomous operations and data management. This funding brought Cruise's total capital raised since 2013 to about $7.3 billion at the time. |
| May 2019 | Strategic investment | SoftBank Group; Honda Motor; T. Rowe Price; General Motors | $1.1B | $19B | Cruise announced on 7 May 2019 a $1.15 billion equity investment from a group led by funds and accounts advised by T. Rowe Price Associates together with existing shareholders General Motors, SoftBank Vision Fund and Honda, taking the post-money valuation of GM's autonomous-vehicle subsidiary to $19 billion, up from $14.6 billion after Honda's investment seven months earlier. The financing took Cruise's capital commitments over the preceding year to $7.25 billion, including SoftBank's $2.25 billion and Honda's $2.75 billion, and was intended to fund the planned commercial launch of a driverless ride-hailing service in San Francisco, which the company later postponed beyond its 2019 target. Cruise, headquartered in San Francisco and acquired by GM in 2016, was then testing a fleet of modified Chevrolet Bolt EVs and had about 1,500 employees. T. Rowe Price's participation marked the first institutional money manager to invest directly in the company. |
| Oct 2018 | Strategic investment | Honda Motor (lead) | $750M | $15B | Cruise, GM's self-driving technology subsidiary, received a $750 million direct equity investment from Honda Motor on October 3, 2018, as part of a broader $2.75 billion commitment over 12 years to develop and manufacture purpose-built autonomous vehicles for global deployment. This investment pushed Cruise's post-money valuation to $14.6 billion, following a prior $2.25 billion investment from SoftBank's Vision Fund. Honda's stake was reported as 5.7 percent. The partnership between Cruise, GM, and Honda aims to create innovative, space-efficient autonomous vehicles for commercial ride-hailing services, with plans to launch in San Francisco by 2019 using Chevrolet Bolt EVs. The collaboration leverages Honda's expertise in design and manufacturing alongside GM's and Cruise's autonomous tech to scale deployment and explore global opportunities. |
| May 2018 | Strategic investment | General Motors (lead); SoftBank Group (lead) | $2B | $12B | Cruise, GM's autonomous vehicle subsidiary originally acquired for around $1 billion in 2016, received investments from SoftBank Vision Fund ($2.25 billion in stages: $900 million initial and $1.35 billion later) and GM ($1.1 billion) announced on May 31, 2018. SoftBank acquired a 19.6% equity stake. The funding aimed to support commercialization of self-driving technology in GM's Bolt electric vehicles starting in 2019, with testing in California, Arizona, and Michigan. GM Chairman Mary Barra and SoftBank's Michael Ronen highlighted Cruise's integrated hardware-software approach for reducing crashes, emissions, and congestion. |
| Nov 2015 | Seed | Qualcomm Ventures (lead) | $2M | - | Qualcomm Ventures, the corporate venture arm of Qualcomm, invested about $2 million in Cruise Automation in late 2015, a few months after the San Francisco self-driving startup's $12.5 million Series A led by Spark Capital and Y Combinator's Sam Altman. The small strategic investment reflected Qualcomm's interest in automotive computing and connectivity as Cruise moved from its original aftermarket highway-autopilot kit for Audi vehicles toward a full autonomous-driving software stack tested on retrofitted cars in San Francisco. Cruise, founded in 2013 by Kyle Vogt and Dan Kan, employed roughly 40 people at the time. The investment was among the last before General Motors agreed to acquire the company in March 2016 for $581 million in cash and stock plus retention incentives that took the reported total above $1 billion, a rapid exit for Qualcomm Ventures and Cruise's other early backers. |
| Sep 2015 | Series A | Spark Capital (lead); Nurzhas Makishev; Daniel Curran; Y Combinator; MRTNZ Ventures; Maven Ventures; Felicis; Initialized Capital; Soma Capital; Hone Capital; Jeffrey Schox; Flight Ventures | $13M | $90M | Cruise Automation developed an aftermarket kit to convert vehicles like Audi A4 and S4 models into autonomous vehicles for highway driving. The system included sensor units, actuators for steering and driving, and a computer housed in the trunk. The company planned to sell these systems for $10,000 each but was reportedly considering a shift in business model around the time of the funding. Cruise raised a $12.5 million Series A round on September 18, 2015, led by Spark Capital with participation from investors including Y Combinator's Sam Altman, Maven Ventures, Initialized Capital, and others, bringing total funding to $16.8 million. This round achieved a post-money valuation of around $90 million. The funds supported hiring, including Andrew Gray from Tesla as VP of engineering, and development in computer vision and automotive controls. Shortly after, General Motors acquired Cruise for north of $1 billion in 2016, valuing the three-year-old startup far above its recent $90 million post-money valuation from the Series A. Cruise operated as an independent unit within GM's Autonomous Vehicle Development Team in San Francisco. |
| Mar 2014 | Seed | Daniel Gross; Daniel Curran; David Rusenko; David Beyer; Emmett Shear; Felicis; Adam Smith; AME Cloud Ventures; Colin Carrier; Avichal Garg; Homebrew; Founder Collective | $4M | - | Cruise Automation raised about $4.3 million of seed funding in 2014 after graduating from Y Combinator's Winter 2014 batch, where founder Kyle Vogt, previously a co-founder of Twitch and Justin.tv, demonstrated a $10,000 aftermarket kit that let an Audi A4 or S4 drive itself on highways. The round drew a group of angel and seed investors including Felicis Ventures, Founder Collective, Homebrew, AME Cloud Ventures and individuals such as Twitch co-founder Emmett Shear, Daniel Gross and Avichal Garg. Cruise, based in San Francisco, pivoted from the retrofit kit toward a full self-driving software stack and raised a $12.5 million Series A led by Spark Capital in September 2015 before General Motors acquired it in March 2016 for a reported $581 million plus retention incentives worth more than $1 billion in total. |
Who has invested in Cruise?
29 investors have backed Cruise across its funding rounds, including General Motors, Honda Motor, SoftBank Group, Felicis, Daniel Curran and Y Combinator.
Lead investors include General Motors, Walmart, Microsoft, Honda Motor, SoftBank Group and 2 other investors.
Cruise Investors
| Investor | HQ | Rounds | Role | First check |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | Lead | May 2018 | ||
| 3 | Lead | Oct 2018 | ||
| 2 | Participant | Mar 2014 | ||
| 2 | Lead | May 2018 | ||
| 2 | Participant | Mar 2014 | ||
| 1 | Participant | Sep 2015 | ||
| 1 | Participant | Mar 2014 | ||
| 1 | Lead | Nov 2015 | ||
| 1 | Participant | Mar 2014 | ||
| 1 | Lead | Jan 2021 | ||
| 1 | Participant | Sep 2015 | ||
| 1 | Participant | Mar 2014 | ||
| 1 | Lead | Sep 2015 | ||
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Benchmark 350K+ Funding Rounds and Disclosed VC Valuation Multiples
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Start Free TrialAcquisitions by Cruise
Cruise has acquired 5 companies to date.
Last acquisition by Cruise was on March 15th 2021. Cruise acquired Voyage for undisclosed valuation.
Latest Acquisitions by Cruise
| Description | Voyage is an autonomous vehicle technology company deploying self-driving shuttles initially in retirement communities across Florida and California. Its retrofitted vehicles navigate gated environments using custom mapping, sensor fusion, and teleoperations for safe passenger transport. San Francisco-headquartered, Voyage expanded partnerships with Lennar and Del Webb for senior mobility. Founded in 2017, the firm advanced to public streets before acquisition by Toyota in 2020 for further development. | Astyx Communication & Sensors is a Munich-based developer of radar sensors operating at 24GHz, 77GHz, and 79GHz frequencies for automotive ADAS, aerospace drones, and industrial automation. Its portfolio includes 4D imaging radars for level 4 autonomy and satellite Ka-band modules. Astyx supplies Tier 1 automakers like BMW and Continental with pre-crash sensing technology. The company holds patents in FMCW radar signal processing. Founded in 2013, Astyx maintains production in Germany and testing facilities in Silicon Valley. | Dashride is a cloud-based dispatching platform designed for taxi and limousine operators to automate ride management. The San Francisco-headquartered service handles bookings, driver assignments, route optimization, and billing through web and mobile apps. Dashride integrates GPS tracking and payment processing to streamline fleet operations for small to mid-sized companies transitioning to digital systems. | Zippy.ai is a developer of autonomous urban delivery robots designed for sidewalks carrying groceries, meals, and packages. Equipped with LiDAR, cameras, and machine learning for obstacle avoidance, the fleet navigates pedestrian zones autonomously. San Francisco-headquartered, Zippy.ai tests deployments in partnership with restaurants and retailers in California cities. Robots feature modular payloads up to 50 pounds for last-mile logistics. | |
| HQ Country | |||||
| HQ City | San Francisco, CA | Munich | New York City, NY | San Jose, CA | |
| Deal Date | 15 Mar 2021 | 4 Jun 2020 | 20 May 2019 | 11 Apr 2018 | |
| Valuation | undisclosed | undisclosed | undisclosed | undisclosed | |
| EV/Revenue | |||||
| EV/EBITDA | |||||
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Cruise Competitors
Cruise competitors include listed companies like SAIC Motor, Aurora Innovation, General Motors and XPENG, and private ones like Applied Intuition and Argo AI.
| Company | HQ | Status | Revenue | EBITDA | Valuation | Revenue Multiple |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Publicly listed | $98B | $7.1B | $19B | 0.1x | ||
| Private | $415M | - | $15B | 36.1x | ||
| Publicly listed | $3M | ($786M) | $13B | 993.2x | ||
| Publicly listed | $185B | $15B | $74B | 1.0x | ||
| Publicly listed | $11B | $156M | $9.9B | 1.0x | ||
| Private | - | - | $7B | - |
Cruise Public Comps
Cruise is no longer listed, but its public comps include SAIC Motor, Aurora Innovation, XPENG, China Aerospace Times, Mobileye, Momenta Global, Avic (Chengdu) Uas, Ondas, General Motors and Tesla.
| Last FY | EV/Revenue | EV/EBITDA | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenue | EBITDA | Last FY | LTM | 2027E | Last FY | LTM | 2027E | |
| $98B | $7.1B | 0.1x | 0.1x | 1.4x | 2.1x | |||
| $3M | ($786M) | 3843.8x | 993.2x | (14.7x) | (15.1x) | |||
| $11B | $156M | 1.1x | 1.0x | 79.3x | (78.0x) | |||
| $2.1B | $166M | 3.9x | 3.5x | 48.2x | - | |||
| $1.9B | $140M | 2.7x | 2.5x | 35.9x | 11.4x | |||
| $360M | ($502M) | 10.7x | - | (7.7x) | - | |||
| $450M | $19M | 8.6x | - | 203.2x | - | |||
| $51M | ($127M) | 57.9x | 7.2x | (23.0x) | (30.5x) | |||
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Common questions about Cruise
| When was Cruise founded? | Cruise was founded in 2013. |
| Where is Cruise headquartered? | Cruise is headquartered in San Francisco, CA, United States. |
| Is Cruise publicly listed? | No, Cruise was acquired by General Motors in February 2025. |
| Who acquired Cruise? | Cruise was acquired by General Motors in February 2025. |
| What is Cruise's valuation? | Cruise was last valued at $30B in its strategic investment round in April 2021. |
| How much funding has Cruise raised? | Cruise has raised $8.9B across 10 funding rounds. |
| What was Cruise's last funding round? | Cruise's last funding round was a $850M strategic investment round in June 2024, led by General Motors. |
| Who are Cruise's investors? | Cruise's investors include General Motors, Honda Motor, Daniel Curran, SoftBank Group, Felicis, Nurzhas Makishev, Daniel Gross, Qualcomm Ventures, David Rusenko, Microsoft and 19 others. |
| Which companies are comparable to Cruise? | Companies comparable to Cruise include SAIC Motor, Applied Intuition, Aurora Innovation, General Motors, XPENG and Argo AI. |
| How many companies has Cruise acquired? | Cruise has acquired 5 companies, including Voyage, Astyx Communication & Sensors, Dashride, Zippy.ai and Strobe. |
| What was the largest acquisition by Cruise? | The $37M acquisition of Strobe in October 2017 is the largest acquisition Cruise has made to date. |
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